On January 13, , Joan's trial began; she was tried by the Church not the State. Bishop Cauchon and the vice inquisitor of France served as the judges. First, they took statements from various people regarding Joan's reputation as a witch. Joan seemed to meet the standard description: she behaved strangely, she heard mysterious "voices" in her head, she liked to go off by herself for long periods of time, she had unusually good luck, and she usually wore men's clothing. Indeed, not only had she assumed men's clothing; she had assumed a man's duties and "manly" characteristics, bravely commanding armies and advising male authority figures and even the King himself.
Thus in being called a "witch," Joan joined a series of women throughout history who suffered this label for their attempts to transcend traditional gender roles. On February 21, , Joan herself was summoned before the court. While she did swear to tell the truth, Joan often refused to say anything when she was asked questions which might reveal anything about Charles VII.
The original 70 heresy charges shrunk to only 12, and Joan, who had been imprisoned in dank cells for months, now became ill. This worried Burgundy, who wanted to make sure she didn't die before the court could prove she was a witch. Although she feared she was dying, Joan refused to change her statements.
Soon, she was allowed to receive communion and to make confessions. On May 23, , the court prepared to transfer her back to secular authorities. Joan was initially treated well by her captors.
John of Luxembourg showed her considerable kindness during his period as her warden. And, although her later jailers were less friendly, they never threatened her life. Why didn't they execute this dangerous woman immediately? They knew that if they simply executed Joan, they would create a martyr for France, and thus create an even more powerful political symbol for the French people to rally behind as they fought against the English.
The English claimed many offenses against Joan of Arc. Born a peasant in a small French village, the illiterate girl claimed to hear divine voices and see visions of St. Michael, St. Catherine of Alexandria and St.
Margaret of Antioch from the age of Convincing Charles to let her fight—and dressed as a man—Joan led the liberation of Orleans, triumphed with other victories against the English, and soon Charles VII was crowned. And what is more, her presumption went so far that she dared to do, say and disseminate many things beyond and contrary to the Catholic faith and injurious to the articles of its orthodox belief.
According to the trial transcript, Joan was questioned repeatedly not only about the voices she heard, but on why she chose to dress as a man. A statue inside the cathedral pays tribute to her legacy. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present.
The English claimed many offenses against Joan of Arc. Born a On May 8, , Joan of Arc , a teenage French peasant, successfully led a French force to break the siege. In , she was Two factors lay at the origin of the conflict Charlemagne c. In , Charlemagne became king of the Franks, a Germanic tribe in present-day Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and western The Knights Templar was a large organization of devout Christians during the medieval era who carried out an important mission: to protect European travelers visiting sites in the Holy Land while also carrying out military operations.
A wealthy, powerful and mysterious order The Crusades were a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims started primarily to secure control of holy sites considered sacred by both groups.
In all, eight major Crusade expeditions occurred between and The bloody, violent and often ruthless
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